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Albania: From Illyrian Tribes to Modern Republic
Albania’s history is a story of resistance, identity, and survival across millennias. Its roots stretch back to the Illyrian tribes, who inhabited the western Balkans from around 2000 BCE. These tribes, including the Taulanti and Albanoi, lived in fortified settlements and interacted with Greek colonies such as Apollonia and Dyrrhachium. The Illyrians were known for their warrior culture and marine skills, Where you can mentionthe infamous Liburnian ships one of the fastest ships of Mediterrian Sea. By the 2nd century CE, the region was occupied by the Roman Empire, becoming an important crossroads of trade and military routes between Western and Eastern thanks to Via Egnatia, a very important street that connected Rome and Costandinople. After Rome’s division, Albania fell under the Byzantine Empire, which left its mark through Christianity and fortified towns.
During the medieval period, Albania was contested by various powers, including Bulgarians, Normans, and Serbs. The first organized Albanian kingdom, the Principality of Arbanon or Arbania, emerged in the 12th century, signaling a growing sense of identity. By the late Middle Ages, Albania faced increasing pressure from the expanding Ottoman Empire. The most celebrated figure of this era was Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg (1405–1468), the national hero of Albania, who led a remarkable 25-year resistance against the Ottomans and becoming a symol of defence, uprising and unity.
Under Ottoman rule (15th–20th centuries), Albania experienced profound changes. Many Albanians converted to Islam, while others remained Orthodox or Catholic, creating a diverse religious landscape. Ottoman architecture, traditions, and governance shaped Albanian society for over 400 years. Yet, Albanians kept their distinct identity, expressed through language, folklore, and clan structures. By the 19th century, nationalist movements began to rise, inspired by the decline of Ottoman power and the broader currents of European nationalism.
In 1912, Albania declared independence during the Balkan Wars, establishing itself as a sovereign state. However, the early decades were marked by instability, territorial disputes, and foreign interference.
Self-proclaimed King Zog I ruled from 1928 until Italy invaded in 1939, turning Albania into a protectorate. During World War II, Albania was occupied by Italy, just like Illyria by the Rome. After all history repeats itself. Later Germany invaded too. What is important to mention is that no jews were let to be captured by the nazist army, because albanians protected, sheltered and hide them. It is an albanian tradition that the guest on your house must be protected.
After 1944, Enver Hoxha established one of the world’s most isolated and rigid communist regimes. Albania severed ties with Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and China, pursuing extreme isolation under the fear of an outside enemy attack. The country became infamous for its 700,000 bunkers and underground tunnels. Religion was banned in 1967, making Albania the world’s first officially atheist state. Daily life was marked by shortages, censorship, and strict control. Also industrialization became the main sector of economy but under the unpaind work of political preasoners and voluntary job.
Communism collapsed in 1991 due to the poverty and total isolation, opening the country to the democracy and open-market economic. Albania faced mass emigration, political turmoil, and the 1997 financial crisis of pyramid schemes, but gradually stabilized. Joining NATO in 2009 and becoming an EU candidate in 2014, Albania has started integration to the Western European World while preserving its cultural heritage. Albania has yet to much to learn and it is in the right direction.
Today, it is getting more and more attention for its natural beauty, hospitality, and deep traditions, attracting global tourism and investment. It would be a great choices to pay a visit to this magnificent country in middle of Mediterranean.
Albania's history in 5 minutes
Check you impact on nature during your holidays in Gjirokastra. Check your enviromental impact by measuring you carbon footprints of your flights, domestic transport private or public, boat travel, hotels and different activities during your holidays.
Note: This calculator result is not 100% correct,but it gives you an approximately result of CO₂e. REMEMBER. Try to use more the public transport choose economy travel class flights and a moderate hotel for a better travel impact for the environment. Also try to spend more time on the same location. That way you are going to have definitely more fun.
Travel Carbon Footprint Calculator
1) Flights (by distance or hours)
2) Domestic transport (inside country)
Choose transport type, provide distance and hours
3) Boat travel (island visits)
4) Hotels
5) Activities & extras
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Offsets & calculate
Added legs & activities
| Type | Details | Remove |
|---|
Results
Gross, offsets and net totals (kg CO₂e)
Total net: 0 kg CO₂e
Gross: 0 kg CO₂e • Offsets: 0 kg CO₂e
| Category | kg CO₂e |
|---|---|
| Flights | 0 |
| Domestic transport (vehicle) | 0 |
| Boat travel | 0 |
| Hotel | 0 |
| Activities | 0 |
Breakdown chart
Default factors (editable in script)
| Item | Factor |
|---|---|
| Flight CO₂ per passenger‑km | 0.115 |
| Flight per hour (alt method) | 90 kg CO₂e per flight-hour per passenger |
| Radiative forcing multiplier | 1.9 |
| Private car per vehicle‑km | 0.12 |
| Luxury car per vehicle‑km | 0.18 |
| Motorcycle per km | 0.08 |
| Van per vehicle‑km | 0.16 |
| Public bus per passenger‑km | 0.05 |
| Public train per passenger‑km | 0.04 |
| Car per vehicle‑hour (overhead/idling) | 0.6 |
| Public transport per passenger‑hour | 0.4 |
| Boat per km (normal) | 0.3 |
| Yacht per km | 1.2 |
| Cruise per passenger‑km | 0.8 |
| Boat per hour (service/overhead) | 5 |
| Hotel per room‑night (3★) | 20 |
| Activity per person‑hour (avg) | 1.5 |
Your Carbon Footprint is Here
If you are planning a trip to Albania, you are going to have a wonderful time! The people are incredibly welcoming, and the country is beautiful. However, every country has its own unique habits.
To help you have a smooth and happy trip, here are the most important rules and customs to know before you visit Albania:
1. Understanding "Yes" and "No"
This is the most famous rule for travelers in Albania! In many Western cultures, nodding your head up and down means "yes," and shaking it side to side means "no." In Albania, it can be the exact opposite. Sometimes, locals will shake their head side to side to say "Yes" (Po) and nod up and down to say "No" (Jo, pronounced "yo"). To avoid confusion, it is always best to listen to the words they say rather than just watching their head movements.
2. Cash is King
While large hotels and big supermarkets in cities like Tirana accept credit cards, most of Albania runs on cash. Small shops, traditional restaurants, taxis, and local buses usually only accept cash. The local currency is called the Albanian Lek. Always keep enough cash in your wallet, especially when you travel to smaller towns or mountain areas.
3. Take Off Your Shoes Inside
Hospitality is a huge part of Albanian culture, and locals love inviting guests into their homes. If an Albanian family invites you inside, look at the front door. It is a very common rule to take off your shoes before entering a house. Your host will usually give you a pair of comfortable indoor slippers to wear instead.
4. The Culture of "Xhiro"
In the evening, usually just as the sun goes down, you will see a beautiful tradition called the Xhiro (pronounced jì-ro, it is like the italian word giro). In almost every city and town, people finish their day by walking slowly up and down the main street or pedestrian area. They dress up, talk with neighbors, and enjoy the cool evening air. It is not polite to rush through these walking areas—slow down and enjoy the peaceful atmosphere!
5. Always Try the Food
Albanian people are very proud of their cooking. If a local offers you food, drinks, or a glass of Raki (a strong traditional alcoholic drink), it is polite to accept it. Refusing food can sometimes make the host feel sad, offended and dishonored, as they want to show you the best hospitality possible.
Conclusion
Albania is a very safe and friendly country for tourists. You do not need to worry too much about making mistakes because Albanians are very patient and love helping visitors. Just remember to carry some cash, respect their homes and traditions, and enjoy the wonderful local culture!
The "Must-know" rules in Albania
If you love history, beautiful views, and delicious food, Gjirokastra is the perfect place to visit. Located in the south of Albania, this magical city is often called the "Stone City" because almost everything here is made of grey stone. It is so special that UNESCO protects it as a World Heritage Site. Here are the best reasons why you should visit Gjirokastra:
1. The Amazing Stone Houses
Walking through Gjirokastra feels like stepping back in time. The city is famous for its unique Ottoman-era houses built centuries ago. They look like small castles with tall stone walls, tiny windows to protect against enemies, and beautiful wooden roofs. You can even go inside some of them, like the Skenduli House or Zekate House. Inside, you can see how wealthy families lived long ago, complete with traditional rooms and beautiful decorations.
2. The Magnificent Castle
High on a hill above the city sits the Gjirokastra Castle. It is one of the biggest castles in the Balkans. Walking up to the castle is a bit steep, but the view from the top is absolutely worth it. You can see the whole city, the green valley, and the high mountains around it. Inside the castle, you can explore dark stone tunnels, look at old tanks and weapons, and see a mysterious American airplane from the Cold War era.
3. The Old Bazaar
The heart of the city is the Old Bazaar. This area has lovely cobblestone streets filled with colorful shops. Local craftsmen sell handmade souvenirs, beautiful rugs, traditional clothes, and unique wooden art. It is the perfect place to walk around, take photos, buy gifts, and talk to the friendly local people.
4. Delicious Traditional Food
Albanian food is excellent, but Gjirokastra has its own special dishes that you must try. The most famous one is Qifqi, which are small, delicious fried balls made of rice, eggs, mint, and black pepper. You can also try Pasha Qofte (a special meatball soup) or fresh local cheese. After your meal, sit at a café in the bazaar and enjoy a strong cup of traditional Turkish coffee.
Conclusion
Gjirokastra is a peaceful and beautiful destination that offers something for everyone. Whether you want to explore history, enjoy stunning mountain views, or just relax in a cozy café, this city will stay in your heart forever. Don't miss the chance to discover Albania's stone hidden gem!
